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Rhynchophorus ferrugineus
The red palm weevil, ''Rhynchophorus ferrugineus'', is a species of snout beetle also known as the Asian palm weevil or sago palm weevil. The adult beetles are relatively large, ranging between two and five centimeters long, and are usually a rusty red colour - but many colour variants exist and have often been misidentified as different species (e.g., ''Rhynchophorus vulneratus'';〔Hallett, R.H., Crespi, B.J., Borden, J.H. 2004. Synonymy of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier), 1790 and R. vulneratus (Panzer), 1798 (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Rhynchophorinae). J. Nat. Hist. 38:2863-2882〕). Weevil larvae can excavate holes in the trunk of a palm trees up to a metre long, thereby weakening and eventually killing the host plant. As a result, the weevil is considered a major pest in palm plantations, including the coconut palm, date palm and oil palm.〔(''Rhynchophorus ferrugineus'' ) at North American Plant Protection Organization (NAPPO)〕
Originally from tropical Asia, the red palm weevil has spread to Africa and Europe, reaching the Mediterranean in the 1980s. It was first recorded in Spain in 1994,〔Ferry & Gómez. 2002. The red palm weevil in the Mediterranean. Vol. 46, No 4, Palms (formerly Principes), Journal of the International Palm Society. (link ) http://www.palms.org/palmsjournal/2002/redweevil.htm link〕 and in France in 2006. Additional infestations have been located in Malta and Italy (Tuscany, Sicily and Campania). It is also well established throughout most of Portugal, especially in the South.〔"(As palmeiras ainda podem ganhar a guerra contra o escaravelho-vermelho )" Article in publico.pt, February 9th, 2014〕 Researchers also suspect that it has established in Morocco, Algeria and other North African countries, but there remains no official confirmation.〔() http://www.picudorojocanarias.es〕 The weevil was first reported in the Americas on Curaçao in January 2009〔"(Biologische bestrijding Red Palm Weevil )" Ben Kleine, March 28th, 2009 on Amigo.com〕 and sighted the same year in Aruba.〔(2010 California Farmer periodical "World's worst palm pest in state" Richardson )〕 It was reported in the United States at Laguna Beach, CA late in 2010.〔() Orange County Register, "Destructive exotic beetle found in Laguna Beach."〕〔() CDFA; Red Palm Weevil, Worst Known Pest of Palm Trees Detected in Laguna Beach〕
==Life cycle==
This weevil usually infests palms younger than twenty years.〔Abraham, V.A., Al-Shuaibi. Mahmood, J.R., Faleiro, R.A. Abozuhairah and P.S.P.V. Vidyasargar. 1998. An integrated approach for the management of red palm weevil, Rhyncophorus ferrugineus Oliv.-A key pest of date palm in the Middle East. Sultan Qaboos University Journal of Scientific Research, Agricultural Science, 3: 77-83.〕 While the adult causes some damage through feeding, it is the burrowing of the larva into the heart of the palm that can cause the greatest mortality of trees. The adult female lays approximately two hundred eggs on new growth in the crown of the palm, at the base of young leaves, or in open lesions on the plant. The egg hatches into a white, legless larva. The larva will feed on the soft fibres and terminal buds, tunneling through the internal tissue of the tree for about a month. The larvae can occasionally grow to a length of six to seven centimeters.〔Wattanapongsiri, A. 1966. A revision of the genus ''Rhynchophorus'' and ''Dynamis'' (Coleoptera: Curculonidae). Department of Agriculture Science Bulletin. Vol I. Bangkok. (TH)〕 At pupation, the larva will leave the tree and form a cocoon built of dry palm fibers in leaf litter at the base of the tree. The total life cycle takes about 7–10 weeks.
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